1970”s : The Turbulent Years
Joe Murphy
The 1970”s in the United States is often thought of as a boring time following the turbulent 1960”s, but according to the activity this is not the case. The 1970”s had it”s share tubulence, especially in the politics of the country. One might even say the 1970”s had far more political and social overtones then any generation in the twentieth century. This decade, although frequently thought of as the disco era, actually held many events that helped shape this nation. The 1970”s was the time the women”s movement exploded, abortion was legalized, the sexual revolution flowered, the Vietnam war ended, and counter culture first became mainstream. These five items might seem trivial but their importance helped make the United States a political hotbed that helped define our country in the 1970”s.
Prior to the 1970”s the women”s movement was basically an underground political organization. Although constantly growing and winning many major battles between the 1860”s and a major victory in 1950”s the women”s movement was at its height in the 1970”s. In 1920 the final ratification of the nineteenth amendment took place, but there was not another major step forward for women”s rights until the war years. “The last of these war years, saw rapid breakdown in the norms held for women.” ( Flexner, 305 ) After the second world war ended women”s perspective changed. Women themselves started realizing a greater potential than they previously held for themselves. Of course this is for the majority, a few women of that time in the United States already were deeply involved in the women”s movement. But this growing idea of greater potential blossomed.
During the 1960”s further progress was made at bringing women to the forefront of events. “Betty Friedmans, The Feminine Mystique, became a needed catalyst for the upper class to become involved.” ( Flexner, 345 ) With the involvement of all social classes the woman”s movement was finally ready to reach its height in the 1970”s. “Society was digesting the changes of reproductive rights, equal pay for equal work, and career freedom.” ( Edelstein, 67 ) The women”s movement of the seventies achieved many of it”s goals very rapidly. It did this by moving away from it”s original grass roots formation and latching itself onto big names of the times. Some of the faces of the women”s movement were, Betty Ford, Rosalyn Carter who helped try and push the Equal Rights Amendment through congress. This amendment was stalled though because conservatives convinced many that the women”s movement was a bunch of radical”s out to ruin the family values of America. The seventies held many events for woman, ”Ms.” Magazine had its premier issue. Billy Jean King was first women athlete to earn more than $100,000 a year. Ella Grasso is elected governor of Conneticut. Nasa accepts women for astronauts and one of the most important events, the Roe Vs. Wade decision to legalize abortion.
“Abortion laws in the United States developed out of Anglo-Saxon tradition” ( Flanders 5 ). This tradition dictated that the fetus was able to aborted prior to the quickening. It was believed that at the point of quickening the soul actually enters the fetus and it becomes human. This was challenged for the first time in 1812 when the Supreme Court ruled that abortion was legal until fetal movement. The issue wasn”t really challenged again until the late 1800”s when the American Medical Association took the anti-abortion stance. At this point abortion went down the road towards criminalization. Many states adopted strict anti-abortion laws that outlawed the practice. These strict laws lasted up until the 1960”s when liberal viewpoints began to shape the issue.
During the 1960”s, a more open and frank discussion of abortion was in the publics mind. This decade with its beginnings of open sexuality and radical idealism helped clear the way for the break down of Christian abortion strongholds across the country. Finally during the 1970”s states like Colorado, California and North Carolina became the first states to enact liberal abortion laws. The American Bar Association adopted a uniform abortion statute that became the model for all the states in 1972. Then finally in 1973 the famous decision of Roe Vs. Wade was passed down by the Supreme Court once again legalizing abortion across the country. Although this didn”t solve the issue the decision struck down all the legislation that the AMA helped pass since the late 1800”s. This decision along with the rise in the woman”s movement helped spawn the sexual revolution.
The sexual revolution went hand in hand with the Roe vs. Wade decision and the rise in women”s power. The sexual revolution was basically a time in which women were no longer afraid to show their feelings and act on them. Before the sexual revolution a women was supposed to stay home and not ask men out on dates, these are just a couple of things that changed. Women were now taking control of there lives, getting there own apartments and the big thing, enjoying sex for the first time. The sexual revolution was more about a women”s mental freedom to enjoy her sexuality and not feel guilty about it. Without the outspoken women”s movement of this or the Roe vs. Wade decision which put women in control of their bodies, the sexual revolution wouldn”t have happened. Another reason for the flowering of the sexual revolution was the ending of the Vietnam War, a war in which women took a good part in the protesting against.
The Vietnam war was a long and costly conflict for the United States. It was a major part of the formation of culture in the 1970”s. The war which ended for American troops in March 1973 when our last forces pulled out of Vietnam, actually began in autumn of 1946 when the French-Viet Minh agreement broke down. The United States had troops stationed there but the first battle ready troops landed in March 1965, when a battalion of Marines landed at Danang. “Two months later in May, the First US Army unit, the 173rd Airborne Brigade arrives in Vietnam” ( Willenson, 19 ). This buildup continued until 1969 when the United States peak strength was at 543,400. This was all actually part of a police action by the President and war was never actually declared on Vietnam. This perhaps helped spawn the intense resentment of the war by the American people.
During Vietnam, Americans reacted with a great amount of protest at home. People were seeing thousands of men die in a war that was never declared. Perhaps the mindset of the 60”s and 70”s was just too radical to support a conflict like Vietnam. Many say the war was frowned upon because of the ideas World War II left in the minds of many Americans. With nuclear power and a basic Capitalist against Communist conflict going on, the general public of the United States was very afraid. The way people reacted to this war was far different than ever before. The women”s movement took an active role in denouncing the fighting, along with many counter culture types such as Dr. Timothy Leary. First these ideas against the war started small during the first few years. But as the war reached its height in the early 1970”s the anti war movement was in full swing. Some of the largest demonstrations the United States has ever seen took place, along with incidents of rioting and violence on the home-front. This growing anti war movement was on the news and in people minds a lot. This helped bring the counter culture ideas into the mainstream of society during the 1970”s.
Counter culture has always existed in the United States. Even during the 1950”s when most people think everything was perfect and pretty. Certain people have always used drugs, worn strange clothes, or wore their hair in odd hairstyles. These are the identifiers of the counter culture movements. The large anti war movement, fed by 60”s radicalism and the growing women”s movement, helped bring this counter culture movement into the mainstream. A lot of the members of the women”s movement and the anti war movement dressed and thought differently then mainstream America at that time. So as these types gained visual recognition by the media, mainstream America was exposed to them, thus making the counter culture lifestyle more acceptable. By the time the late 1970”s came around counter culture was in full swing in the United States. It was the height of the drug era. The disco look, tight pants, mini skirts and odd hairstyles were going strong. Even high fashion stores such as Macy”s were displaying these counter culture looks in there shadow boxes. Counter culture had gone mainstream for the first time in America”s history. It was acceptable to look like a wierdo.
The 1970”s was a decade of tremendous movement for the United States. The women”s movement gained national recognition. With this national recognition and power base it helped frame the Roe vs. Wade decision. This decision in turned gave more power to women and helped bring the sexual revolution into full swing. These were also helped by the ending of the Vietnam war in which women took a great part in the protesting against. And the spotlighting of counter culture types during the war protest and women”s rights movements helped bring the counter culture of America in the mainstream for the first time. All of these things were important parts of the 1970”s. Each helped make the 1970”s one the most important political decades for the advancement of social ideals in the United States.